Abia-Smith, L. (2024). Cultivating creativity: The role of art and Visual Thinking Strategies to support community and resilience for healthcare professionals. Tutor, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.13135/1971-8551/11316
Abia-Smith, L., Smolkowski, K., Strycker, L.A., Anderson, L., Marconi, P. (2020). Teaching argumentation through art: Insights for museums from the STELLAR project. The Museum Review, 5(1). https://themuseumreviewjournal.wordpress.com/2020/09/05/tmr_vol5no1_jsma/
Abia-Smith, L. (2015). Preparing the mind and learning to see. In Managing Arts Programs in Healthcare. Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382326364_Preparing_the_Mind_and_Learning_to_See_-_Abia-Smith_VTS_Chapter_2
Adams, M., Foutz, S., Luke, J., Stein, J. (2006) Thinking Through Art, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum School Partnership Program, Year 3 preliminary research results. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/Year_3_Report.pdf
Agarwal, G.G., McNulty, M., Santiago, K.M., Torrents, H., Caban-Martinez, A.J. (2020). Impact of Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) on the analysis of clinical images: A pre-post study of VTS in first-year medical students. Journal of Medical Humanities, 41(4), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-020-09652-4
Agarwal, G., Yenawine, P., Manohar, S., Chisolm, M. (2025) Implementing a Visual Thinking Strategies program in health professions schools: An AMEE Guide for health professions educators: AMEE Guide No. 179 Pages 1425-1434. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0142159X.2025.2458287?src=
Akison, L.K., Patti, J., Ainscough, L., Colthorpe, K. (2022). Embedding art in histology teaching: Visual thinking strategies (VTS) to enhance visual literacy. In Proceedings of the Australian Conference on Science and Mathematics Education, Perth, WA, Australia. https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/IISME/article/view/16152
Albert, C.N., Mihai, M., & Mudure-Iacob, I. (2022). Visual Thinking Strategies—Theory and applied areas of insertion. Sustainability, 14(12), 7195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127195
Allison, J., Mulay, S., & Kidd, M. (2017). Life in unexpected places: Employing visual thinking strategies in global health training. Education for Health, 30(1), 64–67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707639/
Aluri, J., Ker, J., Marr, B., Kagan, H., Stouffer, K., Yenawine, P., Kelly-Hedrick, M., Chisolm, M.S. (2022). The role of arts-based curricula in professional identity formation: Results of a qualitative analysis of learner’s written reflections. Medical Education Online, 28(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10872981.2022.2145105?src=#abstract
Anderson-Singh, K. (2019). VTS, learning environments for people of color, and antiracist pedagogy. https://vtshome.org/vts-learning-environments-for-people-of-color-and-antiracist-pedagogy/
Aziz, K., Brookshire, M., Jablonksi, M. (2018). As opposed to… https://vtshome.org/as-opposed-to/
Bae, J., Choi, M. (2025). Learning outcomes of education on Visual Thinking Strategies for healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Nurse Education in Practice, Volume 88. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1471595325003129?via%3Dihub
Bageant, M.S. (2018). The power of VTS Writing Lab changed me, then my school district. https://vtshome.org/the-power-of-vts-writing-lab-changed-me-then-my-school-district/
Baker, H. R. (2015). To see, to read: Dyslexic students’ journey through a Visual Thinking Strategies museum/school partnership. Undergraduate honors thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/0bfcd276-c7b6-494a-85b0-25124fa631a2?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Balhara, K.S., Ehmann, M.R., Irvin, N. (2022). Antiracism in health professions education through the lens of the health humanities. Anesthesiology Clinics 2022 Jun;40(2):287-299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35659401 /
Balhara, K.S., Yenawine, P., Irvin, N., Eller, L., Habib, L., Tatham, C., Chisolm, M. (2023). Facilitating difficult conversations through art: Creating an anti-racism digital image library for health professions education. International Review of Psychiatry. 2023 Nov-Dec;35(7-8):623-630. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38461396 /
Balhara, K.S., Irvin, N. (2021) “The guts to really look at it”- Medicine and race in Robert Colescott’s Emergency Room. JAMA. 2021;12;325(2):113-115. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2774538 PMID: 33346780.
Bentwich, M.E., Gilbey, P. (2017). More than visual literacy: Art and the enhancement of tolerance for ambiguity and empathy. BMC Medical Education 2017 Nov 10;17(1):200. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29126410/
Bishop, K. (2021). How artwork changed my classroom. https://vtshome.org/how-artwork-changed-my-classroom/
Bomgaars, J., Bachelor, J.W. (2020) Visual Thinking Strategies: Exploring artwork to improve output in the L2 classroom. Journal of Foreign Language Education and Technology v5 n1 p1-34 2020. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED597593
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine. (2014). Why art is important to dentists: Dr. Neal Fleisher explains. http://www.bu.edu/dental/2014/08/05/why-art-is-important-to-dentists-dr-neal-fleisher-explains/
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine. (2014). Faculty development program explores art and dentistry. http://www.bu.edu/dental/2014/01/28/faculty-development-program-explores-art-and-dentistry/
Boudreau, J.D., Cassell, E., & Fuks, A. (2009). Preparing medical students to become attentive listeners. Medical Teacher, Jan 31, (1) 22-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19140065/
Boudreau, J.D., Cassell, E.J., & Fuks, A. (2009). Preparing medical students to become skilled at clinical observation. Medical Teacher, 30 (9-10) 857–862. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/01421590802331446?scroll=top
Bown, C. (2019). Visual Thinking Strategies and visible thinking. Thinking Museum. https://thinkingmuseum.com/2019/09/22/visual-thinking-strategies-vts-and-visible-thinking/
Brackley, K, Petersen, L., Aspden, T. (2023). Reflections on learning through VTS in hospital and university pharmacy settings. https://vtshome.org/reflections-on-learning-through-vts-in-hospital-and-university-pharmacy-settings/
Burchenal, P., Housen, A., Rawlinson, K., Yenawine, P. (2008). Why do we teach art in the schools? NAEA News, April 2008. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/17why-do-we-teach-art-in-the-schools_NAEANews_April08.pdf
Burchenal, M. (1998). Thinking through art. The Journal of Museum Education Vol 23(2). P13-15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40479124
Campbell, R.C., Nguyen, N.T.T., Kim, J.H., Duke, L.A., Taraban, R., Reible, D.D. (2021). Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) for promoting reflection in engineering education: Graduate student perceptions. Paper presented at 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference. https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10388510-visual-thinking-strategies-vts-promoting-reflection-engineering-education-graduate-student-perceptions
Campbell, R., Reible, D., Taraban, R., Kim, J-H, Na, C. (2020). Fostering reflective habits and skills in graduate engineering education via the arts and humanities. Proceedings of the 2020 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344699353_Fostering_Reflective_Habits_and_Skills_in_Graduate_Engineering_Education_via_the_Arts_and_Humanities
Campbell, R.C., Taraban, R., Kim, J-H., Reible, D.D., Hoffman, J., Na, C. (2017). Exploring the effects of a Visual Thinking Strategies workshop on the reflective thinking of undergraduate engineering students. In Proceedings of the 2017 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference & Exposition, Columbus, OH, United States. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325076738_Exploring_the_Effects_of_a_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_Workshop_on_the_Reflective_Thinking_of_Undergraduate_Engineering_Students
Campos, T. (2018). Using Visual Thinking Strategies to improve mathematics instruction. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Missouri – Kansas City. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED597055
Cappello, M., Walker, N.T. (2016). Visual Thinking Strategies: Teachers’ reflections on closely reading complex visual texts within the disciplines. International Literacy Association, https://ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/trtr.1523
Cerqueira, A.R., Alves, A.S., Monteiro-Soares, M., Hailey, D., Loureiro, D., Baptista, S. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies in medical education: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, Volume 23, Article 536. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04470-3
Chaparro, E. (2022). Using Visual Thinking Strategies in the classroom. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/using-visual-thinking-strategies-classroom/
Chapman, M.V., Hall, W., Colby, R., & Sisler, L.A.G. (2013). How images work: An analysis of a visual intervention used to facilitate a difficult conversation and promote understanding. Qualitative Social Work, 13(4), 456-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325013496597
Charland, W. (2011). Art integration as school culture change: A cultural ecosystem approach to faculty development. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 12(8). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ937069.pdf
Chen, Y., Li, J., Zeng, X., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Chen, Z. (2025). Visual Thinking Strategies enhance clinical observation skills in medical and nursing students: an experimental study. Cogent Education, 12(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2542651
Chin, C. (2017). Comparing, contrasting and synergizing Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) and aesthetic education strategies in practice. International Journal of Education Through Art, 13(1), 61- 75. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314482064_Comparing_contrasting_and_synergizing_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_VTS_and_Aesthetic_Education_strategies_in_practice
Chisolm, M.S., Duke, L., Stephens, M.B. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies in medical education: Staying open to possibilities. Academic Medicine, 98(3), 295. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000005112
Chisolm, M.S., Kelly-Hedrick, M., Wright, S.M. (2021). How visual arts-based education can promote clinical excellence. Academic Medicine, 96(8), 1100–1104. https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2021/08000/how_visual_arts_based_education_can_promote.32.aspx
Chisolm, M.S., Kelly-Hedrick, M., Stephens, M.B., Zahra, F.S. (2020). Transformative learning in the art museum: A methods review. Family Medicine. 2020;52(10):736-740. https://journals.stfm.org/familymedicine/2020/november-december/kelly-hedrick-2020-0242/
Choi, J., Lee, S.E., Choi, S., Kang, B., Kim, S.H., Bae, J., Tate, J.A., Son, Y-J. (2022). Integration of visual thinking strategies to undergraduate health assessment course: A mixed-method feasibility study. Nurse Education Today, 113, 105374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105374
Clark-Gareca, B., Meyer, T. (2022). Visual Thinking Strategies for English learners: Learning language through the power of art. TESOL Journal, 14(2), e698. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.698
Colizzi, M.A., Ceci, F., Miceli, F., Troiano, M., Ferrara, V. (2024). Think out loud: A Visual Thinking Strategies experience for students in museums. In Proceedings of the 8th International Visual Methods Conference. https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.168.10
Comander, L. (2024) Teaching the art of medicine. Miller School of Medicine. https://news.med.miami.edu/teaching-the-art-of-medicine/
Conejero, I., Lorblanchet, H., Olié, É., Courtet, P. (2025). Learning to observe art to better understand the patients: A pilot study. Encephale. 2025 Jun;51(3):255-260. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38724434/
Connors, C., Piro, J.S. (2025). Visual Thinking Strategies as humanistic education: A qualitative study of teachers using VTS. International Journal of Changes in Education, 2 (2) https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewIJCE42022990
Corrales, L.L. (2020). Creating a shared language: English learners and bilingual VTS. https://vtshome.org/creating-a-shared-language-english-learners-and-bilingual-vts/
Curva and Associates (2005) Artful Citizenship Project (Miami: The Wolfsonian, Inc.) https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2Artful-Citizen-Project-Report.pdf
Cutler, K. (2013). Visual Thinking Strategies = creative and critical thinking. Phi Delta Kappan. https://www.academia.edu/115464185/Visual_Thinking_Strategies_Creative_and_Critical_Thinking?sm=b
Dawson, C.M. (2018). Student voices: Visual Thinking Strategies in the English classroom: Empowering students to interpret unfamiliar texts. Voices from the Middle, 26(1), 44–48. https://publicationsncte.org/content/journals/10.58680/vm201829774
de la Garza, A., Sacristán Ramírez, C., Porras Hernández, L.H., Solís Plancarte, L. (2025). Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) for global learning in partnership: Art-based collaboration for Internationalisation at a Distance. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1–15. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057925.2025.2571468
DeLeon, V. (2009). Visual Interaction with art boosts academic achievement. The Spokesman-Review. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2009/jun/01/the-eyes-have-it/
De Santis, S., Giuliani, C., Staffoli, C., & Ferrara, V. (2016). Visual thinking strategies in nursing: A systematic review. Senses and Sciences, 3(4), 297–302. https://sensesandsciences.com/index.php/Senses/article/view/98?utm_source=chatgpt.com
DeSantis, K. (2009) Report to the Education Department of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum on the 8th Grade School Partnership Program Visual Thinking Strategies Adaptation 2008-2009. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/IMLS_2088_09%20Report.pdf
DeSantis, K. (2009). Report on the Visual Thinking Strategies implementation and assessment project at Bingham Memorial School. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/10-Final-Cornwall-Report-.pdf
DeSantis, K. (2008). Report on the Visual Thinking Strategies implementation and assessment project at Ripton Elementary School. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/14Ripton-Report-Final-.pdf
DeSantis, K., & Housen, A. (2007). Highlights of Findings: San Antonio: Aesthetic development and creative and critical thinking skills study. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4HighlightsSanAntonio.pdf
Dolev, J.C., Friedlaender, L.K., Braverman, I.M. (2001). Use of fine art to enhance visual diagnostic skills. JAMA Published Online: September 5, 2001;286;(9):1020-1021. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031468
Downey, S. (2018) The Role of Visual Thinking Strategies for object-based learning in science education. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018, abstract #ED23E-0952. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AGUFMED23E0952D/abstract
Duke, L., Grohe, M., Miller, A., Williams, R. (2011). Art museums as places of learning and reflection for the medical field. In Journal of Museum Education, 36(1), 58-61. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10598650.2011.11510682
Egan, S., Tratnyek, C., Munley, M.E. (2024). Thinking Through Art: A transformative museum-school partnership. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/TTA%20Museum-School%20Partnership%20Report%202024.pdf
Ferrara, V. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies: Art for education and care. Economia della Cultura, Società editrice il Mulino, issue Speciale, pages 235-240. https://ideas.repec.org/a/mul/jkrece/doi10.1446-112807y2023ispecialep235-240.html
Ferrara, V., Shaholli, D., Iovino, A., Cavallino, S., Colizzi, M.A., Della Rocca, C., La Torre, G. (2022). Visual Thinking Strategies as a tool for reducing burnout and improving skills in healthcare workers: Results of a randomized controlled study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(24), 7501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247501
Ferrara, V., Wilkins, C. (2022). Virtual Visual Thinking Strategies: Limitations and unexpected findings in a time of pandemic. Education Science Technology 10.14616/sands-2022-2-15701578. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363739360_Virtual_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_limitations_and_unexpected_findings_in_a_time_of_pandemic
Ferrara, V. (2017). Flipped museum. How Visual Thinking Strategies and collaborative work improve skills and engage in museum visit. In Museums and Cultural Landscapes: CECA activities beyond the museum walls (pp. 71–75), Proceedings of the Annual ICOM–CECA Conference, Milan, Italy, July 3–9, 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vincenza-Ferrara/publication/323734537_Flipped_Museum_How_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_and_collaborative_work_improve_skills_and_engage_in_museum_visit/links/5aa7dc0e45851539b3a334db/Flipped-Museum-How-Visual-Thinking-Strategies-and-collaborative-work-improve-skills-and-engage-in-museum-visit.pdf
Flegal, K.B., Chamberlain, A. (2022) Visual Thinking Strategies and the framework in the undergraduate classroom: Research as inquiry and scholarship as conversation through the lens of a university’s art collection. Depauw University Library Faculty Publications. https://scholarship.depauw.edu/library_facpubs/12/
Flood, M., Nolan, S., Boss, F. (2025). Universal design for learning with Visual Thinking Strategies: Support for learner engagement, representation, and action and expression. The International Journal of Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning, 1(1). https://journals.imist.ma/index.php/IJUDUDL/article/view/4988
Flood, M., Nolan, J.S., Boss, F. (2024). Using Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) to support Universal Design for Learning’s (UDL) multiple means of engagement, representation, action and expression. Paper presented at the 2nd International UDL Symposium, Clane, Ireland. https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1903435&dswid=-6650
Franco, M.J., Unrath, K. (2015). The art of engaging young men as writers. Art Education, 68(3), 26–31. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043125.2015.11519319
Franco, M.J., Unrath, K. (2014). Carpe Diem: Seizing the Common Core with Visual Thinking Strategies in the visual arts classroom. Art Education January 2014. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/14Carpe-Diem-Seizing-the-Common-Core.pdf
Frey, S. (2015) Art appreciation helps young children learn to think and express ideas. EdSource. https://edsource.org/2015/art-appreciation-helps-young-children-learn-to-think-and-express-ideas/77734
Gara, C. (2022). Picture of health. Hopkins Medicine Fall 2022. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/2022/10/picture-of-health
Gaufberg, E., DiGiovanni Evans, B., Rutberg, P., Chisolm, M.S. (2023). What’s art got to do with it?—Transfer of learning in museum-based health professions education. International Review of Psychiatry, 35(7–8), 672–681. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540261.2023.2288299?src=
Gaufberg, E., Wong, L. M., & Zimmermann, C. (2023). Activating the art museum: Designing experiences for the health professions. American Alliance of Museums. https://www.amazon.com/Activating-Art-Museum-Experiences-Professions/dp/153815854X
Geer, T. (2025) Visual thinking for complex times. https://vtshome.org/visual-thinking-for-complex-times/
Genovesi, J.S. (2011). An exploratory study of a new educational method using live animals and Visual Thinking Strategies for natural science teaching in museums. Doctoral dissertation, Drexel University. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED527871
Ghorbani, N., Alizadeh, M., Sayarifard, A., Khajavi, A., Yenawine, P. (2025). The Eagle Eyes: An intervention utilizing Visual Thinking Strategies to enhance the observation skills of medical students. BMC Medical Education 2025 Jan 8;25(1):33. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11716214/
Gibbs, S.K. (2019). Integrating Visual Thinking Strategies into art education: A curriculum for the middle school level. Western Michigan University Masters Thesis. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5357&context=masters_theses
Gonzalez-Sanz, M., Feliu, M., Cardona Gomez, G. (2017). Las Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) desde la perspectiva del educador patrimonial. DAFO del método en su aplicación práctica. Revista de Educación. 2017. Vol. 375, num. 160-183. https://diposit.ub.edu/items/8234bcc1-a415-4927-9539-fa5fce5d8279
Grohe, M., Egan, S. (2016). School Partnership Program 2013 follow up to 2008-09 IMLS Study. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/IMLS%20Follow%20Up%20Report.pdf
Grohe, M., Egan, S. (2015) .School Partnership Program 2010-14 Elementary longitudinal case study. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/2010-14%20Tobin%20Longitudinal%20Case%20Study%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
Grohe, M., Egan, S. (2014). Edward M. Kennedy Academy for Health Careers (EMK) Grade 9 (Class of 2016) Year 1 program critical thinking skills trends. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/EMK%20Critical%20Thinking%20Skills%20Trends%205%2023%2014.pdf
Gulden, A.C. (2009). Can looking at art help doctors help patients? Teaching Artist Journal 7(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15411790902762563
Gurney, K. (2025). Using art and virtual reality to train future health professionals. University of Miami Libraries. https://news.miami.edu/libraries/stories/2025/10/using-art-and-virtual-reality-to-train-future-health-professionals.html
Hailey, D. (2022). How Visual Thinking Strategies unlocks innovation in a complex world. Medium. https://medium.com/@dabney_hailey/what-more-can-we-find-how-visual-thinking-strategies-unlocks-innovation-in-a-complex-world-46b541378cb6
Hailey, D., Miller, A., Yenawine, P. (2015). Understanding visual literacy: The Visual Thinking Strategies approach. In D. M. Baylen & A. D’Alba (Eds.), Essentials of teaching and integrating visual and media literacy: Visualizing learning (pp. 49–73). Springer International Publishing. https://www.philipyenawine.com/teaching/2020/8/23/understanding-visual-literacy-the-visual-thinking-strategies-approach
Hailey, D. (2014). Visual thinking, art, and university teaching across disciplines. About Campus, 19(4), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.21163
Harz D., Begin A.S., Alansari R., Esparza R., Zimmermann C., Evans B.D., Eisenberg S., Katz J.T. (2023). The art of empathy: Teaching empathy through art. The Clinical Teacher. Oct;20(5):e13643. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654209/
Hensel, D., Moorman, M. (2017). Doctorate of Nursing Practice students’ impressions of uses for Visual Thinking Strategies. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 2017 Aug 1;48(8):365-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28759694/
Hess, S., Young, J., Arbogast, H. (2019). Visual Thinking Strategies in the composition classroom. In Writing in and about the performing and visual arts (pp. 171–186). WAC Clearinghouse. https://wacclearinghouse.org/docs/books/performing/hess.pdf
Hoel, J. (2018). Honoring students, teachers, and the work of Kerry James Marshall through VTS. https://vtshome.org/honoring-students-teachers-and-the-work-of-kerry-james-marshall-through-vts/
Housen, A., Yenawine, P. (2018 – Updated by Brookshire, M.). Visual Thinking Strategies: Understanding the basics. https://www.artsintegration.net/uploads/1/2/2/6/12265539/bp_understanding_the_basics_.pdf
Housen, A., Yenawine, P. (2009). Visual Thinking Strategies: Understanding the basics. https://sjmusart.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/Understanding%20Basics.pdf
Housen, A. (2007). Art viewing and aesthetic development: Designing for the viewer. In P. Villeneuve (Ed.), Periphery to center: Art museum education in the 21st century (pp. 172-189). Reston: National Art Education Association. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2Housen-Art-Viewing-.pdf
Housen, A., & DeSantis, K. (2003). In E. S. Axel & N. S. Levent (Eds.), Very nice to my visual imagination memory: An inquiry into the aesthetic thinking of people who are visually impaired. In Art beyond sight: A resource guide to art, creativity and visual impairment (pp. 430–444). Art Education for the Blind, Inc. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1ArtBeyondSight-BookChapter.pdf
Housen, A. (n.d). Selected directory of studies, 1988–2003. Visual Thinking Strategies / Visual Understanding in Education. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6Directory-of-Studies.pdf
Housen, A. (2002). Aesthetic thought, critical thinking and transfer. Arts and Learning Research Journal, 18, 99–132. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5Æsthetic-Thought-Critical-Thinking-and-Transfer.pdf
Housen, A. (2001). Voices of viewers: Iterative research, theory, and practice. Arts and Learning Research Journal, 17(1). https://vtshome.org/voices-of-viewers-iterative-research-theory-and-practice/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Housen, A. (2001). Methods for assessing transfer from an art-viewing program. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Seattle, WA, April 10-14, 2001) https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED457186.pdf
Housen, A., & DeSantis, K. (2001). VTS research and theory. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/-/media/the-academy/6-vts-research-and-theory-2016.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Housen, A., & DeSantis, K. (2000). A brief guide to developmental theory and aesthetic development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255638162_A_Brief_Guide_to_Developmental_Theory_and_Aesthetic_Development
Housen, A., Yenawine, P. (2000). Visual Thinking Strategies: Basic manual, grades 3–5.
Housen, A., Yenawine, P. (2000). Visual Thinking Strategies: Basic manual, grades K–2.
Housen, A. (1999). Eye of the Beholder: Research, theory and practice. Presented at the conference of “Aesthetic and art education: A transdisciplinary approach,” sponsored by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Service of Education September 27-29, 1999, Lisbon, Portugal. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5Eye-of-the-Beholder.pdf
Housen, A., Duke, L. (1998). Responding to Alper: Re-presenting the MOMA studies on visual literacy and aesthetic development. Visual Arts Research Vol 24, No. 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20715939
Housen, A. (1992). “Validating a measure of aesthetic development for museums and schools,” ILVS Review, Vol. 2 No. 2, (1992), 214.
Housen, A. (1987). Three methods for understanding museum audiences. Museum Studies Journal, Spring-Summer 1987. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-3MethodsforMuseumAudiences.pdf
Housen, A. (1983). The Eye of the Beholder: Measuring aesthetic development. Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/6becc0ad678b8d375093a2756568ce8a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Hu, I.Y. (2019). Tending a garden requires care: VTS, making art, and deep listening. https://vtshome.org/tending-a-garden-requires-care-vts-making-art-and-deep-listening/
Huang, J.T., Reynolds, S.D., DiGiovanni Evans, B., Zimmermann, C., Joyce, C.J., Katz, J.T., Buzney, E. (2016). Fine arts curriculum improves observational skills of dermatology trainees: A pilot study. British Journal of Dermatology, 175(4), 815–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14616
Huh, K. (2016). Visual Thinking Strategies and creativity in English education. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46). https://indjst.org/articles/visual-thinking-strategies-and-creativity-in-english-education
Hunter-Larsen, J. (2021) When uncertainty becomes possibility: VTS and creative problem-solving. https://vtshome.org/when-uncertainty-becomes-possibility-vts-and-creative-problem-solving/
Ike, J.D., Howell, J. (2022) Quantitative metrics and psychometric scales in the visual art and medical education literature: A narrative review, Medical Education Online, 27:1, https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2021.2010299
Ishiguro, C., Sato, Y., Takahashi, A., Abe, Y., Kakizaki, H., Okada, H., Kato, E., Takagishi, H. (2021). Comparing effects of Visual Thinking Strategies in a classroom and a museum. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15(4), 735–745. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Faca0000326
Ishiguro, C., Takagishi, H., Sato, Y., Seow, A.W., Takahashi, A., Abe, Y., Hayashi, T., Kakizaki, H., Uno, K., Okada, H., Kato, E. (2021). Effect of dialogical appreciation based on Visual Thinking Strategies on art-viewing strategies. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000258
Jaros, J. (2012). Improvisation and Visual Thinking Strategies in art education. Master’s thesis, West Virginia University. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/458/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Jasani, S., Saks, N. (2013). Utilizing visual art to enhance the clinical observation skills of medical students. Medical Teacher, 35 (7), e1327–e1331. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2013.770131
Jones, K. (2014). Is there a doctor in this exhibition? The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/20/arts/artsspecial/is-there-a-doctor-in-the-exhibition.html
Kagan, H.J., Yenawine, P., Duke, L., Stephens, M.B., Chisolm, M.S. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies and the peril of ‘see one, do one, teach one’. International Review of Psychiatry, 35(7-8), 663–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2023.2276377
Kakim, S., & Priest, K. L. (2020). Developing leadership capacity using Visual Thinking Strategies. Journal of Leadership Education, 19(3), 82–88. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1264071&utm_source=chatgpt.com
Katz, J.T., and Khoshbin, S. (2014). Can visual arts training improve physician performance? Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 2014; 125: 331–342. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112699/
Kelly-Hedrick, M., Chugh, N., Zahra, F.S., Stephens, M., Chisolm, M.S. (2022). Art museum-based teaching: Visual Thinking Strategies. Academic Medicine, 97(8), 1249. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004600
Keogh, F.M., Lee, A., Gibbon, F. (2020). Visual Thinking Strategies: Experiences of an arts-based curriculum in an Irish university medicine and health faculty. 12. 1-24. https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/408
Ker, J., Yenawine, P., Chisolm, M.S. (2024) Twelve tips for facilitating Visual Thinking Strategies with medical learners. Advances in Medical Education and Practice 2024:15 1155–1161. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11602429/
Klugman, C., Peel, J., Beckmann-Mendez, D. (2011). Art rounds: Teaching interprofessional students Visual Thinking Strategies at one school. Academic Medicine, 86(10), 1266–1271. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869658/
Kowalczyk, L. (2008). Monet? Gauguin? Using art to make better doctors. The Boston Globe July 20, 2008. https://archive.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/07/20/monet_gauguin_using_art_to_make_better_doctors/
Kumagai, A.K. (2022). The powers of a fish: Clinical thinking, humanistic thinking, and different ways of knowing. Academic Medicine 97(8):1114-1116. https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2022/08000/the_powers_of_a_fish__clinical_thinking,.30.aspx
La Trobe University. (n.d.). A critical eye: Using Visual Thinking Strategies | Notes for Teachers. https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/art-institute-documents/A-Critical-Eye-_Using-Visual-Thinking-Strategies_Notes-for-Teachers.pdf
Laffitte, D. (2013). Collaboration approach to the integration of Visual Thinking
Strategies in a 3rd grade classroom at Myrtle Grove Elementary. The Education Fund.
https://www.educationfund.org/file_download/inline/3c877f7c-401a-4976-99b2-1055382b0066
Lahti, E., Lanocha, N., Vasquez Guzman, C.E., Pierce, P., Chan, C., Breidenbach, A.L., Abia-Smith, L. (2025). Whole personhood in medical education: Visual Thinking Strategy, close reading, and creative practice with a diversity and equity lens. Social Science & Medicine, 366, 117645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117645
Landorf, H. (2006). What’s going on in this picture? Visual Thinking Strategies and adult learning. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 20 (4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264251429_What’s_Going_on_in_This_Picture_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_and_Adult_Learning
Lee, A., Cronin, S., Gibbon, F. (2021). Visual Thinking Strategies for speech and language therapy students. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education Vol 13 No. 2. https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/573
Long, K. (2008). UW uses artwork to help sharpen visual skills of future doctors. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-uses-artwork-to-help-sharpen-visual-skills-of-future-doctors/
López, E., & Kivatinetz, M. (2006). Estrategias de pensamiento visual: ¿Método educativo innovador o efecto placebo para nuestros museos? [Visual Thinking Strategies: Innovative educational method or placebo effect for our museums?]. Arte, Individuo y Sociedad, 18, 209–240. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ARIS/article/view/ARIS0606110209A
Malhotra, B., Anand, S.A., Feen-Calligan, H., Callihan, E. (2025). ART-UP: Making the case for visual thinking strategies in art therapy pedagogy, practice, and research. The Arts in Psychotherapy Volume 94. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197455625000528?via%3Dihub
McDonald, S. (2021). Using VTS to build conversations with people living with dementia. https://vtshome.org/using-vts-to-build-conversations-with-people-living-with-dementia/
Mehta, A., Agius, S. (2023). The use of art observation interventions to improve medical students’ diagnostic skills: A scoping review, Perspectives on Medical Education 23;12(1):169–178. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10215995/
Mondonca, P., Grenon, V., Savoie, A. (2023). Influence of regular Visual Thinking Strategies activities on sustained attention abilities of Quebec primary school students: A developmental perspective. Creative Education, Vol.14 No.2. https://www.scirp.org/journal/papercitationdetails?paperid=123461&journalid=136
Miller, A., Hershman, W., and Yadavalli, G., (2016). Cultivating fresh eyes: An arts-based workshop series for clinical faculty in: Peterkin, A., & Brett-MacLean, P. (2016). Keeping reflection fresh: A practical guide for clinical educators. The Kent State University Press., pp. 72-75 https://search.library.ucr.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991032956236304706&context=L&vid=01CDL_RIV_INST:UCR&lang=en&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub,exact,Clinical%20medicine%20–%20Study%20and%20teaching,AND&mode=advanced&offset=0
Miller, A., Grohe, M., Khoshbin, S., Katz, J.T. (2013). From the galleries to the clinic: Applying art museum lessons to patient care. The Journal of Medical Humanities 34(4):433-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014232/
Minnesota Public Radio News (2007). The art of medicine. http://www.mprnews.org/story/2007/05/09/midmorning3
Mitzova-Vladinov, G., Torrents, H. (2020). The fine art of health care: Visual Thinking Strategies for interprofessional skill development in graduate nurse anesthesia education. Creative Nursing 1;26(3):e56-e62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32883827/
Mnguni LE. The theoretical cognitive process of visualization for science education. Springerplus. 2014 Apr 10;3:184. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4000355/
Mohler, G.M. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies and their effect on reading comprehension skills. Master’s thesis, California State University, Bakersfield. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/1r66j776j?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Monet, K. (2019). What more can we do? https://vtshome.org/what-more-can-we-do/
Moniz, T., Golafshani, M., Gaspar, C., Adams, N., Haidet, P, Sukhera, J., Volpe, R., de Boer, C., Lingard, L. (2021). How are the arts and humanities used in medical education? Results of a scoping review. Academic Medicine 96(8):p 1213-1222. https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2021/08000/how_are_the_arts_and_humanities_used_in_medical.60.aspxv
Moorman, M., Decker, K.A., Minix, A., Huddle, J. (2024). The use of art to develop holistic nurses and clinical judgment: An educational intervention. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 2024;43(1):49-57. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08980101241273369
Moorman, M. (2023). The transformative palette: The use of art and Visual Thinking Strategies in nursing. International Review of Psychiatry, 35(7–8), 658–662. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38461385/
Moorman, M. (2017). The use of visual thinking strategies and art to help nurses find their voices. Creative Nursing, 23(3), 167–171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28789735/
Moorman, M. , Hensel, D., Decker, K.A., Busby, K. (2017). Learning outcomes with visual thinking strategies in nursing education. Nurse Education Today. 51:127-129. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27570214/
Moorman, M., Hensel, D. (2016). Using visual thinking strategies in nursing education. Nurse Educator, 41(1), 5–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068034/
Moorman, M. (2016). The meaning of Visual Thinking Strategies for nursing students. Humanities, 4(4), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.3390/h4040748
Moorman, M. (2013). The meaning of Visual Thinking Strategies for nurses. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Nevada Las Vegas. https://oasis.library.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/1946/
Moustacchi, J. (2019). The gift of sight: Why you cannot VTS on your own. https://vtshome.org/the-gift-of-sight-why-you-cannot-vts-on-your-own/
Mukunda, N., Moghbeli, N., Rizzo, A., Niepold, S., Bassett, B., DeLisser, H. (2019). Visual art instruction in medical education: A narrative review. Medical Education Online 24(1):1558657. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30810510/
Naghshineh, S., Hafler, J.P., Miller, A.R., Blanco, M.A., Lipsitz, S.R., Dubroff, R.P., Khoshbin, S., Katz, J.T. (2008). Formal art observation training improves medical students’ visual diagnostic skills. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 991–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0667-0
Nanavaty, N. (2018). Using Visual Thinking Strategies with nursing students to enhance nursing assessment skills: A qualitative design. Nurse Education Today, 62, 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.12.014
National Center for Montessori in the Public Sector Playbooks, Yenawine, P. (2022). Visual Thinking Strategies in Montessori environments. https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/visual-thinking-strategies-in-montessori-environments/34459727/#edition=61289532&idiq=52715467
Nelson, A. (2017). Visual Thinking Strategies from the museum to the library: Using VTS and art in information literacy instruction. Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, vol. 36. https://libguides.depauw.edu/ld.php?content_id=48588003
Nidadavolu, L.S., Sanchez, M.R., Nelson, A., Yenawine, P., Lehmann, S.W. (2024). A pilot study using a virtual art-based intervention to support well-being in persons with cognitive impairment and their care-partners. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Volume 1, P1 – 6. https://www.oseponline.org/article/S2950-3868(24)00001-7/fulltext
Nolan, S. (2024). Visual Thinking Strategies and the use of images as a language learning tool. Paper presented at the Nordic Conference on Language and Literature Pedagogy. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1886854
Nolan, S. (2024). Visual Thinking Strategies for reading engagement: Adapting lessons from Denmark to English language learning. Children’s Literature in English Language Education, 12(1), 1–18. https://clelejournal.org/article-2-shaun-nolan
Nolan, S. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies as a pedagogical tool: Initial expectations, applications, and perspectives in Denmark. Journal of Visual Literacy, Volume 42(3), P210-227. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1051144X.2023.2261222
Nolan, J.S., Malilang, C. (2020). Visual Thinking Strategies and language teaching in an emergency teaching era: New opportunities. Paper presented at the 7th International Language and Language Teaching Conference: “Language learning in a new era,” Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (virtual). https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1592723&utm_source=chatgpt.com&dswid=-7204
O’Leary, S. (2010). What do you see that makes you say that?: The role of asking young children to provide evidence for their observations in Visual Thinking Strategies discussions. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. https://www.gardnermuseum.org/sites/default/files/uploads/files/OLeary%20Exeuctive%20Summary.pdf
Paul, A., Mercado, N., Block, L., DeVoe, B., Richner, N., Goldberg, G.R. (2023). Visual Thinking Strategies for interprofessional education and promoting collaborative competencies. The Clinical Teacher Volume 20(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13644
Poirier, T.I., Newman, K., Ronald, K. (2020). An exploratory study using Visual Thinking Strategies to improve undergraduate students’ observational skills. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 84(4):7600. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32431308/
Porter, M. (2019). VTS at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. https://vtshome.org/vts-at-the-natural-history-museum-of-los-angeles-county/
Prince, G., Osipov, R., Mazzella, A.J., Chelminski, P.R. (2022). Linking the humanities with clinical reasoning: Proposing an integrative conceptual model for a graduate medical education humanities curriculum. Academic Medicine 97(8)1151–1157. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385402/
Qutieshat, A. (2025). Exploring the use of Visual Thinking Strategies in dental education for radiographic assessment of root canal obturation. Medical Science Educator September 22, 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395737826_Exploring_the_Use_of_Visual_Thinking_Strategies_in_Dental_Education_for_Radiographic_Assessment_of_Root_Canal_Obturation
Rautiainen, K-H., Jäppinen, A. (2017). Visual literacy from the perspective of the VTS method. University of Jyväskylä Finland. https://www.davidpublisher.com/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=31559.html
Rawlinson, K., Wood, S.N., Osterman, M., Sullivan, C.C. (2007). Thinking critically about social issues through visual material. Journal of Museum Education, 32(2), 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/10598650.2007.11510566
Reilly, J.M., Ring, J., Duke, L. (2005). Visual Thinking Strategies: A new role for art in medical education. Family Medicine, 37(4), 250–252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15812693/
Rice, D., Yenawine, P. (2002). A Conversation on object-centered learning in art museums. October 2002 issue of Curator (45/4) p. 289. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8conversation_object_ctrd.pdf
Rice, N. (2016). Visual Thinking Strategies for medical students. University of Oregon Libraries. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/items/3476111c-39f0-4d4b-87bc-71b830a61cb1
Rojas, R. (2020). About language. https://vtshome.org/about-language/
Ruiter, N. (2022). VTS discussions can support (functional) illiterate second-language learners. https://vtshome.org/vts-discussions-can-support-functional-illiterate-second-language-learners/
Ryznar, E., Kelly-Hedrick, M., Yenawine, P., & Chisolm, M. S. (2022). Relevance of Visual Thinking Strategies for psychiatry training. Academic Psychiatry, 47, 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-022-01590-8
Scully, S.S. (2020). Visual Thinking skills and elementary students’ writing. Doctoral Dissertation, Drew University. https://digitalcollections.drew.edu/UniversityArchives/ThesesAndDissertations/CSGS/DLitt/2020/Scully/openaccess/SSScully.pdf
Shaw, R.D. (2015). The vulnerability of urban elementary school arts programs: A case study. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/3686
Sikes, B.L. (2021). Exploring Visual Thinking Strategies to enhance writing and vocabulary acquisition. Doctoral Dissertation, Trevecca Nazarene University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/abedff53e5d3b142d39e135aac5ec057/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Simmons, A. (2019). Using VTS to teach claims, evidence, reasoning, and writing. https://vtshome.org/using-vts-to-teach-claims-evidence-reasoning-and-writing/
Sison, R., Munoz, A.M. (2025). Technology-supported distance learning of writing in a low-interactivity, low-literacy context: lessons learned. Language Teaching Research Quarterly Vol. 47, 93-112. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1472065.pdf
Sison, R. (2022). VTS+: A Visual Thinking Strategies variant for low-interactivity distance learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED639830.pdf
Slavin, R., Williams, R., Zimmermann, C. (2023). Activating the art museum: Designing experiences for the health professions. American Alliance of Museums, May 2023. https://www.amazon.com/Activating-Art-Museum-Experiences-Professions/dp/153815854X
Smith, M. (2024). Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) in the clinic: How the humanities affect the way we make visual diagnoses withing medicine. BYU Undergraduate honors thesis. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/369/
Sowalsky, H., Perez, D., Rubin, M., Thompson, K., Gofur, E., Meshekow, J., Gerard, P. (2022). “State of the Art”: Visual arts training and Visual Thinking Strategies in nuclear medicine to improve interpretive and observational skills. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 63, Issue supplement 2. https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/63/supplement_2/2735
Smolkowski, K., Strycker, L.A., Anderson, L., Marconi, P., Abia-Smith, L. (2020). The Visual Thinking Strategies approach to teaching argument writing: A professional development model. The Elementary School Journal, 121(1), 100–124. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED632514.pdf
Snelling, J. (2019). In a meme culture, how to spark critical thinking about images. School Library Journal Fe6 6, 2019. https://www.slj.com/story/In-a-Meme-Culture-How-To-Spark-Critical-Thinking-About-Images
Spektor, B., Banon, S., Vandenberg, A.E., Zarrabi, A.J., (2023). Art of pain: a multidisciplinary pain fellowship museum-based education pilot study. Pain Medicine, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1008–1010, https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnad024
Srivastava, A.A., Cohen, S., Hailey, D., Khoshbin, S., Katz, J.T., Ganske, I.M. (2022). Training the eye, virtually: Adapting an art in medicine curriculum for on-line learning. SN Social Sciences 2(8):158. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9366826/
Tackett, S., Eller, L., Scharff, S., Balhara, K.S., Stouffer, K.M., Suchanek, M., Clever, S., Yenawine, P., Wolffe, S., Chisolm, M. S. (2023). Transformative experiences at art museums to support flourishing in medicine. Medical Education Online, 28(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10872981.2023.2202914?src=#abstract
Ter Horst, R., Kruiper-Doesborgh, S. (2012). Visual Thinking Strategies, toegepast als therapie bij patiënten met chronisch niet aangeboren hersenletsel. Tijdschrift voor Neuropsychologie, 7(3), 141-150. https://onderzoekmetmensen.nl/nl/node/34357/pdf
Tetreault, D. (2018). A case study of teachers’ experiences integrating visual literacy to improve middle school struggling readers’ comprehension. Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/709/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
The Rogue Art Historian (2026). Your eyes were finished before you started. https://roguearthistorian.substack.com/p/your-eyes-were-finished-before-you
The Stranger. (2008). In Art News: Seeing eye doctors. http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=758727
Thomas, C., & Ennes, W. (2007). Integrating Visual Thinking Strategies into educational web resources. In J. Trant & D. Bearman (Eds.), Museums and the Web 2007: Proceedings. Archives & Museum Informatics, Toronto, Canada. https://www.museumsandtheweb.com/biblio/integrating_visual_thinking_strategies_into_education.html
Thomas, R.S., Hancock, C., Fasano, B., Giol, V. (2021). Visual Thinking Strategies in an online environment. Undergraduate Research Conference, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/usf_ourconference/2021/abstracts/91/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Tishman, S., MacGillivray, D., Palmer, P. (1999). Investigating the educational impact & potential of the MoMA’s Visual Thinking curriculum. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Project Zero. https://pz.harvard.edu/resources/investigating-the-educational-impact-potential-of-the-momas-visual-thinking-curriculum
Torres, A. (2020). Visual Thinking Strategies improve observational skills among Miller School students, study finds. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. https://news.med.miami.edu/visual-thinking-strategies-improve-observational-skills-among-miller-school-students-study-finds/
Van Leeuwen, J. (2020). Seeing the bigger picture: Visual imagination and the social brain. Doctoral Dissertation, University College, London. https://openresearch.amsterdam/en/page/106305/seeing-the-bigger-picture-visual-imagination-and-the-social-brain
Van Leeuwen, J.E.P., Crutch, S.J., Warren, J.D. (2023). Thinking eyes: Visual Thinking Strategies and the social brain. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1222608. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1222608
Viera, C. M. (2021). Social studies through the visual arts: A case study of a professional development program on teachers’ curricular and instructional decision-making. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/9253/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS). https://vtshome.org/
Walker, X. (2020). Online image discussions. https://vtshome.org/online-image-discussions/
Ward, S.E. (2025). “Can we see how it works?” The interactions among teacher, student, and content at a living history museum. Doctoral dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/etd/179/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Weng, H.C., Lin, C.Y., Ke, X.Z., Kuo, Y.R. (2025). AI-human collaborative approaches in emotional training: Applying Visual Thinking Strategies as an analytical framework for medical students’ drawings from art-based activities. BMC Medical Education 3;26(1):26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41331645/
Wolf, J., Tillander, M., Peper, K., Phillips Kastenholz, V., Lantow, V., Classe, C., Jiang, Y., Colon, E. (2024). “Visual Thinking Strategies” improves radiographic observational skills but not chart interpretation in third and fourth year veterinary students. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11:1480301. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39717791/
Worthley, J.G., Trudell, T. (2022). The use of Visual Thinking Strategies to enhance observation skills of entry-level occupational therapy students. Journal of Occupational Therapy Education Vol 6 Issue 3. https://encompass.eku.edu/jote/vol6/iss3/7/
Wulfeck, M., Waltz, J., Chamberlin, J.H., Hill, J.G. (2024). The art of medicine: Applying the Visual Thinking Strategy to radiology. Curēus. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39318955/
Yenawine, P. (2019). Art in school: As essential as language. American Educator, Spring 2019, Volume 43.. The American Federation of Teachers. https://www.aft.org/ae/spring2019/yenawine
Yenawine, P. (2018). Visual Thinking Strategies for preschool: Using art to enhance literacy and social skills. Harvard Education Press. https://www.amazon.com/Visual-Thinking-Strategies-Preschool-Literacy/dp/1682531570/ref=sr_1_2?crid=A4XOWWJL9QNR&keywords=philip+yenawine&qid=1572395590&sprefix=philip+yen%2Caps%2C146&sr=8-2
Yenawine, P., Miller, A. (2014). Visual thinking, images, and learning in college. About Campus Volume 19, Issue 4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/abc.21162
Yenawine, P. (2014). Permission to wonder: Using art to deepen learning. UnBoxed Issue 11. https://hthgse.edu/permission-to-wonder-using-art-to-deepen-learning/
Yenawine, P. (2013). Visual Thinking Strategies: Using art to deepen learning across school disciplines. Harvard Education Press. https://hep.gse.harvard.edu/9781612506098/visual-thinking-strategies/
Yenawine, P. (2013). Teaching to the (new) tests: The benefits of discussion. The Whole Child blog, September 12, 2013. https://www.philipyenawine.com/teaching/2020/8/23/teaching-to-the-new-tests-the-benefits-of-discussion
Yenawine, P. (2009). Jump starting visual literacy: Thoughts on image selection, 2009. https://www.philipyenawine.com/teaching/2020/8/23/jump-starting-visual-literacy-thoughts-on-image-selection-2009
Yenawine, P. (2008). Writing for adult museum visitors: A guide. Visual Understanding in Education, 1997; rev 2008. https://www.philipyenawine.com/museums/2020/8/23/writing-for-adult-museum-visitors-a-guide
Yenawine, P. (2003). Jumpstarting visual literacy: Thoughts on image selection. Art Education, 56(1), 6-12. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043125.2003.11653478
Yenawine, P. (1999). Theory into practice: Visual Thinking Strategies. Presented at the conference of “Aesthetic and art education: A transdisciplinary approach,” sponsored by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Service of Education September 27-29, 1999, Lisbon, Portugal. https://www.philipyenawine.com/vts/2020/8/23/theory-into-practice-visual-thinking-strategies
Yenawine, P. (1998). Visual art and student-centered discussions. Originally published in Theory into Practice. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/11VisualArtStudentCentered.pdf
Yenawine, P. (1997). Thoughts on visual literacy. Originally published in: Handbook of Research on Teaching Literacy through the Communicative and Visual Arts. https://vtshome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/12Thoughts-On-Visual-Literacy.pdf
Yeom, E.Y. (2018). How Visual Thinking Strategies using picture book images can improve Korean secondary EFL students’ L2 writing. English Teaching, Vol. 73, No. 1, Spring 2018. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1312284.pdf
Zapata, A., Fugit, M., Moss, D. (2017). Awakening socially just mindsets through Visual Thinking Strategies and diverse picturebooks. Journal of Children’s Literature, 43(2), 62–69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350061231_Awakening_socially_just_mindsets_through_visual_thinking_strategies_and_diverse_picturebooks
Zarrabi, A.J., Morrison, L.J., Reville, B.A., Hauser, J.M., DeSandre, P., Joselow, M., Thomas, J.d., Wood, G. (2020). Museum-based education: A novel educational approach for hospice and palliative medicine training programs. Journal of Palliative Medicine 23(11):1510-1514. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1089/jpm.2019.0476
Zelvis, R.R. (2008). The effects of Visual Thinking Strategies on reading achievement of students with varying levels of motivation. Doctoral dissertation, Western Connecticut State University. WestCollections. https://westcollections.wcsu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3ac0939a-bd0d-45f5-8814-bd7c42d0b73a/content
Zheng, D., Yenawine, P., Chisolm, M.S. (2024). Fostering wonder through the arts and humanities: Using Visual Thinking Strategies in medical education, Academic Medicine, Volume 99, Issue 3, Pages 256–260. https://academic.oup.com/academicmedicine/article/99/3/256/8343953
Ziemann, K. (2019). When the “picture” is not a picture: Opening a discussion. https://vtshome.org/when-the-picture-is-not-a-picture-opening-a-discussion/
Zimmermann, C., Huang, J.T., Buzney, E.A. (2016). Refining the eye: Dermatology and visual literacy. Journal of Museum Education, 41(2), 116-122. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26157780
